Abstract:
This study was conducted in the Upper Maduru Oya sub watershed in Sri
Lanka to assess the impacts of hydroclimatic variability on water resources and agri-
culture. The special focus was given to assess the impact on the Maduru Oya reservoir
located in the downstream and on the Mahaweli System B. Maduru Oya reservoir is
fed by the Maduru Oya and diverted Mahaweli water and it supplies water to the
Mahaweli System B. A mixed method approach was used in the study which includes
a questionnaire survey of 220 respondents in the upper watershed, key person inter-
views, and analysis of reservoir flow (Maduru Oya), cultivation data (from 2012 to
2021) and rainfall data (from 1989 to 2021) of Mahaweli system B. In upper water-
shed, 63%, 72% and 81% of respondents accepted that there was a change in water
availability for drinking, household activities and irrigation, respectively. Rainfall is
the main source for irrigation. The 66% of farmers experience a decrease in irrigation
water availability over time, primarily attributed to delays in the rainy seasons. Area
of cultivation, crop production and agricultural income changed by 66%, 90% and
91% respectively due to multitude of factors including rainfall variability, input short-
ages, and rising costs. During the period of 2012 to 2021, water diverted from Ma-
haweli to Maduru Oya reservoir has fluctuated, with an overall increase. Total crop-
ping extent has increased (5.5%), while total water issue has decreased indicating
increasing rainfall amount in Yala season in Mahaweli system B. A decline in Maduru
Oya water usage in the upper watershed, coupled with an increase in Mahaweli diver-
sion for the reservoir, signifies a reduction in Maduru Oya streamflow over time. This
study emphasizes the need for adaptive strategies and sustainable development in ad-
dressing hydroclimatic challenges in the upper watershed.
